In the northern California immunization study, which factor was not examined for its association with under-immunization?

• A. Number of primary providers
• B. Asians
• C. Graduate degrees
• D. Poverty

Answer: (A)

The question tests understanding of which variables the study actually looked at when linking factors to under-immunization. In this Northern California study, researchers examined socio-demographic and economic factors, including race/ethnicity (specifically Asians), educational attainment (graduate degrees), and poverty. These are common social determinants that can influence whether children get vaccinated.

The factor not examined was the number of primary care providers. The study did not analyze provider availability or health-system access (such as how many primary providers are in a child’s area) as a potential association with under-immunization.

So, the factor that was not examined is the number of primary providers.